GNU Emacs Manual

Emacs is the extensible, customizable, self-documenting real-time display editor. This Info file describes how to edit with Emacs and some of how to customize it; it corresponds to GNU Emacs version 23.0.50.

To learn more about the Info documentation system, type h, and Emacs will take you to a programmed instruction sequence for the Info commands.

For information on extending Emacs, see section `Top' in

Distribution		How to get the latest Emacs distribution.
A. GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE		The GNU General Public License gives you permission to redistribute GNU Emacs on certain terms; it also explains that there is no warranty.
B. GNU Free Documentation License		The license for this documentation.
Introduction		An introduction to Emacs concepts.
Glossary		Terms used in this manual.
E. Emacs 21 Antinews		Information about Emacs version 21.
F. Emacs and Mac OS		Using Emacs in the Mac.
G. Emacs and Microsoft Windows/MS-DOS		Using Emacs on Microsoft Windows and MS-DOS.
The GNU Manifesto		What's GNU? Gnu's Not Unix!
Acknowledgments		Major contributors to GNU Emacs.

Indexes (each index contains a large menu)

Key (Character) Index		An item for each standard Emacs key sequence.
Command-Line Options Index		An item for every command-line option.
Command and Function Index		An item for each command name.
Variable Index		An item for each documented variable.
Concept Index		An item for each concept.

Important General Concepts

1. The Organization of the Screen		How to interpret what you see on the screen.
2. Kinds of User Input		Kinds of input events (characters, buttons, function keys).
3. Keys		Key sequences: what you type to request one editing action.
4. Keys and Commands		Named functions run by key sequences to do editing.
5. Character Set for Text		Character set for text (the contents of buffers and strings).
6. Entering and Exiting Emacs		Starting Emacs from the shell.
7. Exiting Emacs		Stopping or killing Emacs.
C. Command Line Arguments for Emacs Invocation		Hairy startup options.

Fundamental Editing Commands

8. Basic Editing Commands		The most basic editing commands.
9. The Minibuffer		Entering arguments that are prompted for.
10. Running Commands by Name		Invoking commands by their names.
11. Help		Commands for asking Emacs about its commands.

Important Text-Changing Commands

12. The Mark and the Region		The mark: how to delimit a "region" of text.
13. Killing and Moving Text		Killing (cutting) text.
14. Yanking		Recovering killed text. Moving text. (Pasting.)
15. Accumulating Text		Other ways of copying text.
16. Rectangles		Operating on the text inside a rectangle on the screen.
18. Registers		Saving a text string or a location in the buffer.
19. Controlling the Display		Controlling what text is displayed.
20. Searching and Replacement		Finding or replacing occurrences of a string.
21. Commands for Fixing Typos		Commands especially useful for fixing typos.
22. Keyboard Macros		A keyboard macro records a sequence of keystrokes to be replayed with a single command.

Major Structures of Emacs

23. File Handling		All about handling files.
24. Using Multiple Buffers		Multiple buffers; editing several files at once.
25. Multiple Windows		Viewing two pieces of text at once.
26. Frames and Graphical Displays		Running the same Emacs session in multiple X windows.
27. International Character Set Support		Using non-ASCII character sets (the MULE features).

Advanced Features

28. Major Modes		Text mode vs. Lisp mode vs. C mode ...
29. Indentation		Editing the white space at the beginnings of lines.
30. Commands for Human Languages		Commands and modes for editing English.
31. Editing Programs		Commands and modes for editing programs.
32. Compiling and Testing Programs		Compiling, running and debugging programs.
33. Maintaining Large Programs		Features for maintaining large programs.
34. Abbrevs		How to define text abbreviations to reduce the number of characters you must type.
35. Editing Pictures		Editing pictures made up of characters using the quarter-plane screen model.
36. Sending Mail		Sending mail in Emacs.
37. Reading Mail with Rmail		Reading mail in Emacs.
38. Dired, the Directory Editor		You can "edit" a directory to manage files in it.
39. The Calendar and the Diary		The calendar and diary facilities.
40. Gnus		How to read netnews with Emacs.
41. Running Shell Commands from Emacs		Executing shell commands from Emacs.
42. Using Emacs as a Server		Using Emacs as an editing server for mail, etc.
43. Printing Hard Copies		Printing hardcopies of buffers or regions.
47. Sorting Text		Sorting lines, paragraphs or pages within Emacs.
48. Narrowing		Restricting display and editing to a portion of the buffer.
49. Two-Column Editing		Splitting apart columns to edit them in side-by-side windows.
50. Editing Binary Files		Using Hexl mode to edit binary files.
51. Saving Emacs Sessions		Saving Emacs state from one session to the next.
52. Recursive Editing Levels		A command can allow you to do editing

  "within the command".  This is called a
  "recursive editing level".

53. Emulation		Emulating some other editors with Emacs.
54. Hyperlinking and Navigation Features		Following links in buffers.
55. Dissociated Press		Dissociating text for fun.
56. Other Amusements		Various games and hacks.
57. Customization		Modifying the behavior of Emacs.
D. X Options and Resources		X resources for customizing Emacs.

Recovery from Problems

58. Quitting and Aborting		Quitting and aborting.
59. Dealing with Emacs Trouble		What to do if Emacs is hung or malfunctioning.
60. Reporting Bugs		How and when to report a bug.
61. Contributing to Emacs Development		How to contribute improvements to Emacs.
62. How To Get Help with GNU Emacs		How to get help for your own Emacs needs.

 -- The Detailed Node Listing ---
 ---------------------------------

Here are some other nodes which are really inferiors of the ones
already listed, mentioned here so you can get to them in one step:

The Organization of the Screen

1.1 Point		The place in the text where editing commands operate.
1.2 The Echo Area		Short messages appear at the bottom of the screen.
1.3 The Mode Line		Interpreting the mode line.
1.4 The Menu Bar		How to use the menu bar.

Basic Editing Commands

8.1 Inserting Text		Inserting text by simply typing it.
8.2 Changing the Location of Point		How to move the cursor to the place where you want to change something.
8.3 Erasing Text		Deleting and killing text.
8.4 Undoing Changes		Undoing recent changes in the text.
8.5 Files		Visiting, creating, and saving files.
8.6 Help		Asking what a character does.
8.7 Blank Lines		Commands to make or delete blank lines.
8.8 Continuation Lines		Lines too wide for the screen.
8.9 Cursor Position Information		What page, line, row, or column is point on?
8.10 Numeric Arguments		Numeric arguments for repeating a command.
8.11 Repeating a Command		A short-cut for repeating the previous command.

The Minibuffer

9.1 Minibuffers for File Names		Entering file names with the minibuffer.
9.2 Editing in the Minibuffer		How to edit in the minibuffer.
9.3 Completion		An abbreviation facility for minibuffer input.
9.4 Minibuffer History		Reusing recent minibuffer arguments.
9.5 Repeating Minibuffer Commands		Re-executing commands that used the minibuffer.

Completion

9.3.1 Completion Example		Examples of using completion.
9.3.2 Completion Commands		A list of completion commands.
9.3.3 Strict Completion		Different types of completion.
9.3.4 Completion Options		Options for completion.

Help

11.1 Help Summary		Brief list of all Help commands.
11.2 Documentation for a Key		Asking what a key does in Emacs.
11.3 Help by Command or Variable Name		Asking about a command, variable or function name.
11.4 Apropos		Asking what pertains to a given topic.
11.5 Help Mode Commands		Special features of Help mode and Help buffers.
11.6 Keyword Search for Lisp Libraries		Finding Lisp libraries by keywords (topics).
11.7 Help for International Language Support		Help relating to international language support.
11.8 Other Help Commands		Other help commands.
11.9 Help Files		Commands to display pre-written help files.
11.10 Help on Active Text and Tooltips		Help on active text and tooltips (`balloon help')

The Mark and the Region

12.1 Setting the Mark		Commands to set the mark.
12.2 Transient Mark Mode		How to make Emacs highlight the region-- when there is one.
12.3 Using Transient Mark Mode Momentarily		Enabling Transient Mark mode momentarily.
12.4 Operating on the Region		Summary of ways to operate on contents of the region.
12.5 Commands to Mark Textual Objects		Commands to put region around textual units.
12.6 The Mark Ring		Previous mark positions saved so you can go back there.
12.7 The Global Mark Ring		Previous mark positions in various buffers.

Killing and Moving Text

13.1 Deletion		Commands for deleting small amounts of text and blank areas.
13.2 Killing by Lines		How to kill entire lines of text at one time.
13.3 Other Kill Commands		Commands to kill large regions of text and syntactic units such as words and sentences.
17. CUA Bindings		Using C-x, C-c, C-v for copy and paste, with enhanced rectangle support.

Yanking

14.1 The Kill Ring		Where killed text is stored. Basic yanking.
14.2 Appending Kills		Several kills in a row all yank together.
14.3 Yanking Earlier Kills		Yanking something killed some time ago.

Registers

18.1 Saving Positions in Registers		Saving positions in registers.
18.2 Saving Text in Registers		Saving text in registers.
18.3 Saving Rectangles in Registers		Saving rectangles in registers.
18.4 Saving Window Configurations in Registers		Saving window configurations in registers.
18.5 Keeping Numbers in Registers		Numbers in registers.
18.6 Keeping File Names in Registers		File names in registers.
18.7 Bookmarks		Bookmarks are like registers, but persistent.

Controlling the Display

19.1 Scrolling		Moving text up and down in a window.
19.2 Automatic Scrolling		Redisplay scrolls text automatically when needed.
19.3 Horizontal Scrolling		Moving text left and right in a window.
19.4 Follow Mode		Follow mode lets two windows scroll as one.
19.5 Faces: Controlling Text Display Style		How to change the display style using faces.
19.6 Standard Faces		Emacs' predefined faces.
19.7 Font Lock mode		Minor mode for syntactic highlighting using faces.
19.8 Interactive Highlighting		Tell Emacs what text to highlight.
19.9 Window Fringes		Enabling or disabling window fringes.
19.10 Displaying Boundaries		Displaying top and bottom of the buffer.
19.11 Useless Whitespace		Showing possibly-spurious trailing whitespace.
19.12 Selective Display		Hiding lines with lots of indentation.
19.13 Optional Mode Line Features		Optional mode line display features.
19.14 How Text Is Displayed		How text characters are normally displayed.
19.15 Displaying the Cursor		Features for displaying the cursor.
19.16 Truncation of Lines		Truncating lines to fit the screen width instead of continuing them to multiple screen lines.
19.17 Customization of Display		Information on variables for customizing display.

Searching and Replacement

20.1 Incremental Search		Search happens as you type the string.
20.2 Nonincremental Search		Specify entire string and then search.
20.3 Word Search		Search for sequence of words.
20.4 Regular Expression Search		Search for match for a regexp.
20.5 Syntax of Regular Expressions		Syntax of regular expressions.
20.6 Backslash in Regular Expressions		Regular expression constructs starting with `\'.
20.7 Regular Expression Example		A complex regular expression explained.
20.8 Searching and Case		To ignore case while searching, or not.
20.9 Replacement Commands		Search, and replace some or all matches.
20.10 Other Search-and-Loop Commands		Operating on all matches for some regexp.

Incremental Search

20.1.1 Basics of Incremental Search		Basic incremental search commands.
20.1.2 Repeating Incremental Search		Searching for the same string again.
20.1.3 Errors in Incremental Search		When your string is not found.
20.1.4 Special Input for Incremental Search		Special input in incremental search.
20.1.5 Isearch for Non-ASCII Characters		How to search for non-ASCII characters.
20.1.6 Isearch Yanking		Commands that grab text into the search string or else edit the search string.
20.1.7 Lazy Search Highlighting		Isearch highlights the other possible matches.
20.1.8 Scrolling During Incremental Search		Scrolling during an incremental search.
20.1.9 Slow Terminal Incremental Search		Incremental search features for slow terminals.

Replacement Commands

20.9.1 Unconditional Replacement		Replacing all matches for a string.
20.9.2 Regexp Replacement		Replacing all matches for a regexp.
20.9.3 Replace Commands and Case		How replacements preserve case of letters.
20.9.4 Query Replace		How to use querying.

Commands for Fixing Typos

21.1 Undo		Full details of Emacs undo commands.
21.2 Killing Your Mistakes		Commands to kill a batch of recently entered text.
21.3 Transposing Text		Exchanging two characters, words, lines, lists...
21.4 Case Conversion		Correcting case of last word entered.
21.5 Checking and Correcting Spelling		Apply spelling checker to a word or a whole buffer.

Keyboard Macros

22.1 Basic Use		Defining and running keyboard macros.
22.2 The Keyboard Macro Ring		Where previous keyboard macros are saved.
22.3 The Keyboard Macro Counter		Inserting incrementing numbers in macros.
22.4 Executing Macros with Variations		Making keyboard macros do different things each time.
22.5 Naming and Saving Keyboard Macros		Giving keyboard macros names; saving them in files.
22.6 Editing a Keyboard Macro		Editing keyboard macros.
22.7 Stepwise Editing a Keyboard Macro		Interactively executing and editing a keyboard macro.

File Handling

23.1 File Names		How to type and edit file-name arguments.
23.2 Visiting Files		Visiting a file prepares Emacs to edit the file.
23.3 Saving Files		Saving makes your changes permanent.
23.4 Reverting a Buffer		Reverting cancels all the changes not saved.
23.5 Auto Reverting non-file Buffers		Auto Reverting non-file buffers.
23.6 Auto-Saving: Protection Against Disasters		Auto Save periodically protects against loss of data.
23.7 File Name Aliases		Handling multiple names for one file.
23.8 Version Control		Version control systems (RCS, CVS and SCCS).
23.9 File Directories		Creating, deleting, and listing file directories.
23.10 Comparing Files		Finding where two files differ.
23.11 Diff Mode		Editing diff output.
23.12 Miscellaneous File Operations		Other things you can do on files.
23.13 Accessing Compressed Files		Accessing compressed files.
23.14 File Archives		Operating on tar, zip, jar etc. archive files.
23.15 Remote Files		Accessing files on other sites.
23.16 Quoted File Names		Quoting special characters in file names.
23.17 File Name Cache		Completion against a list of files you often use.
23.18 Convenience Features for Finding Files
23.19 Filesets		Handling sets of files.

Saving Files

23.3.1 Commands for Saving Files		Commands for saving files.
23.3.2 Backup Files		How Emacs saves the old version of your file.
23.3.3 Customizing Saving of Files		Customizing the saving of files.
23.3.4 Protection against Simultaneous Editing		How Emacs protects against simultaneous editing of one file by two users.
23.3.5 Shadowing Files		Copying files to "shadows" automatically.
23.3.6 Updating Time Stamps Automatically		Emacs can update time stamps on saved files.

Backup Files

23.3.2.1 Numbered Backups		Whether to make one backup file or many.
23.3.2.2 Single or Numbered Backups		How backup files are named.
23.3.2.3 Automatic Deletion of Backups		Emacs deletes excess numbered backups.
23.3.2.4 Copying vs. Renaming		Backups can be made by copying or renaming.

Auto-Saving: Protection Against Disasters

23.6.1 Auto-Save Files		The file where auto-saved changes are actually made until you save the file.
23.6.2 Controlling Auto-Saving		Controlling when and how often to auto-save.
23.6.3 Recovering Data from Auto-Saves		Recovering text from auto-save files.

Version Control

23.8.1 Introduction to Version Control		How version control works in general.
23.8.2 Version Control and the Mode Line		How the mode line shows version control status.
23.8.3 Basic Editing under Version Control		How to edit a file under version control.
23.8.4 Examining And Comparing Old Revisions		Examining and comparing old revisions of files.
23.8.5 The Secondary Commands of VC		The commands used a little less frequently.
23.8.6 Multiple Branches of a File		Multiple lines of development.
23.8.7 Remote Repositories		Efficient access to remote CVS servers.
23.8.8 Snapshots		Sets of file versions treated as a unit.
23.8.9 Miscellaneous Commands and Features of VC		Various other commands and features of VC.
23.8.10 Customizing VC		Variables that change VC's behavior.

Using Multiple Buffers

24.1 Creating and Selecting Buffers		Creating a new buffer or reselecting an old one.
24.2 Listing Existing Buffers		Getting a list of buffers that exist.
24.3 Miscellaneous Buffer Operations		Renaming; changing read-onliness; copying text.
24.4 Killing Buffers		Killing buffers you no longer need.
24.5 Operating on Several Buffers		How to go through the list of all buffers and operate variously on several of them.
24.6 Indirect Buffers		An indirect buffer shares the text of another buffer.
24.7 Convenience Features and Customization of Buffer Handling		Convenience and customization features for buffer handling.

Multiple Windows

25.1 Concepts of Emacs Windows		Introduction to Emacs windows.
25.2 Splitting Windows		New windows are made by splitting existing windows.
25.3 Using Other Windows		Moving to another window or doing something to it.
25.4 Displaying in Another Window		Finding a file or buffer in another window.
25.5 Forcing Display in the Same Window		Forcing certain buffers to appear in the selected window rather than in another window.
25.6 Deleting and Rearranging Windows		Deleting windows and changing their sizes.
25.7 Window Handling Convenience Features and Customization		Convenience functions for window handling.

Frames and Graphical Displays

26.1 Killing and Yanking on Graphical Displays		Mouse commands for cut and paste.
26.2 Following References with the Mouse		Using the mouse to select an item from a list.
26.3 Mouse Clicks for Menus		Mouse clicks that bring up menus.
26.4 Mode Line Mouse Commands		Mouse clicks on the mode line.
26.5 Creating Frames		Creating additional Emacs frames with various contents.
26.6 Frame Commands		Iconifying, deleting, and switching frames.
26.7 Speedbar Frames		How to make and use a speedbar frame.
26.8 Multiple Displays		How one Emacs job can talk to several displays.
26.9 Special Buffer Frames		You can make certain buffers have their own frames.
26.10 Setting Frame Parameters		Changing the colors and other modes of frames.
26.11 Scroll Bars		How to enable and disable scroll bars; how to use them.
26.12 Scrolling With "Wheeled" Mice		Using mouse wheels for scrolling.
26.13 Drag and Drop		Using drag and drop to open files and insert text.
26.14 Menu Bars		Enabling and disabling the menu bar.
26.15 Tool Bars		Enabling and disabling the tool bar.
26.16 Using Dialog Boxes		Controlling use of dialog boxes.
26.17 Tooltips		Showing "tooltips", AKA "balloon help" for active text.
26.18 Mouse Avoidance		Moving the mouse pointer out of the way.
26.19 Non-Window Terminals		Multiple frames on terminals that show only one.
26.20 Using a Mouse in Terminal Emulators		Using the mouse in text-only terminals.

International Character Set Support

27.1 Introduction to International Character Sets		Basic concepts of multibyte characters.
27.2 Enabling Multibyte Characters		Controlling whether to use multibyte characters.
27.3 Language Environments		Setting things up for the language you use.
27.4 Input Methods		Entering text characters not on your keyboard.
27.5 Selecting an Input Method		Specifying your choice of input methods.
27.6 Unibyte and Multibyte Non-ASCII characters		How single-byte characters convert to multibyte.
27.7 Coding Systems		Character set conversion when you read and write files, and so on.
27.8 Recognizing Coding Systems		How Emacs figures out which conversion to use.
27.9 Specifying a File's Coding System		Specifying a file's coding system explicitly.
27.10 Choosing Coding Systems for Output		Choosing coding systems for output.
27.11 Specifying a Coding System for File Text		Choosing conversion to use for file text.
27.12 Coding Systems for Interprocess Communication		Coding systems for interprocess communication.
27.13 Coding Systems for File Names		Coding systems for file names.
27.14 Coding Systems for Terminal I/O		Specifying coding systems for converting terminal input and output.
27.15 Fontsets		Fontsets are collections of fonts that cover the whole spectrum of characters.
27.16 Defining fontsets		Defining a new fontset.
27.17 Undisplayable Characters		When characters don't display.
27.18 Unibyte Editing Mode		You can pick one European character set to use without multibyte characters.
27.19 Charsets		How Emacs groups its internal character codes.

Major Modes

28.1 How Major Modes are Chosen

How major modes are specified or chosen.

Indentation

29.1 Indentation Commands and Techniques		Various commands and techniques for indentation.
29.2 Tab Stops		You can set arbitrary "tab stops" and then indent to the next tab stop when you want to.
29.3 Tabs vs. Spaces		You can request indentation using just spaces.

Commands for Human Languages

30.1 Words		Moving over and killing words.
30.2 Sentences		Moving over and killing sentences.
30.3 Paragraphs		Moving over paragraphs.
30.4 Pages		Moving over pages.
30.5 Filling Text		Filling or justifying text.
30.6 Case Conversion Commands		Changing the case of text.
30.7 Text Mode		The major modes for editing text files.
30.8 Outline Mode		Editing outlines.
30.9 TeX Mode		Editing input to the formatter TeX.
30.10 SGML, XML, and HTML Modes		Editing HTML, SGML, and XML files.
30.11 Nroff Mode		Editing input to the formatter nroff.
30.12 Editing Formatted Text		Editing formatted text directly in WYSIWYG fashion.
30.13 Editing Text-based Tables		Editing text-based tables in WYSIWYG fashion.

Filling Text

30.5.1 Auto Fill Mode		Auto Fill mode breaks long lines automatically.
30.5.5 Refill Mode		Keeping paragraphs filled.
30.5.2 Explicit Fill Commands		Commands to refill paragraphs and center lines.
30.5.3 The Fill Prefix		Filling paragraphs that are indented or in a comment, etc.
30.5.4 Adaptive Filling		How Emacs can determine the fill prefix automatically.
30.5.6 Long Lines Mode		Editing text with very long lines.

Outline Mode

30.8.1 Format of Outlines		What the text of an outline looks like.
30.8.2 Outline Motion Commands		Special commands for moving through outlines.
30.8.3 Outline Visibility Commands		Commands to control what is visible.
30.8.4 Viewing One Outline in Multiple Views		Outlines and multiple views.
30.8.5 Folding Editing		Folding means zooming in on outlines.

TeX Mode

30.9.1 TeX Editing Commands		Special commands for editing in TeX mode.
30.9.2 LaTeX Editing Commands		Additional commands for LaTeX input files.
30.9.3 TeX Printing Commands		Commands for printing part of a file with TeX.
30.9.4 TeX Mode Miscellany		Customization of TeX mode, and related features.

Editing Formatted Text

30.12.1 Requesting to Edit Formatted Text		Entering and exiting Enriched mode.
30.12.2 Hard and Soft Newlines		There are two different kinds of newlines.
30.12.3 Editing Format Information		How to edit text properties.
30.12.4 Faces in Formatted Text		Bold, italic, underline, etc.
30.12.5 Colors in Formatted Text		Changing the color of text.
30.12.6 Indentation in Formatted Text		Changing the left and right margins.
30.12.7 Justification in Formatted Text		Centering, setting text flush with the left or right margin, etc.
30.12.8 Setting Other Text Properties		The "special" text properties submenu.
30.12.9 Forcing Enriched Mode		How to force use of Enriched mode.

Editing Text-based Tables

30.13.1 What is a Text-based Table?		What is a text based table.
30.13.2 How to Create a Table?		How to create a table.
30.13.3 Table Recognition		How to activate and deactivate tables.
30.13.4 Commands for Table Cells		Cell-oriented commands in a table.
30.13.5 Cell Justification		Justifying cell contents.
30.13.6 Commands for Table Rows		Manipulating rows of table cell.
30.13.7 Commands for Table Columns		Manipulating columns of table cell.
30.13.8 Fix Width of Cells		Fixing cell width.
30.13.9 Conversion Between Plain Text and Tables		Converting between plain text and tables.
30.13.10 Analyzing Table Dimensions		Analyzing table dimension.
30.13.11 Table Miscellany		Table miscellany.

Editing Programs

31.1 Major Modes for Programming Languages		Major modes for editing programs.
31.2 Top-Level Definitions, or Defuns		Commands to operate on major top-level parts of a program.
31.3 Indentation for Programs		Adjusting indentation to show the nesting.
31.4 Commands for Editing with Parentheses		Commands that operate on parentheses.
31.5 Manipulating Comments		Inserting, killing, and aligning comments.
31.6 Documentation Lookup		Getting documentation of functions you plan to call.
31.7 Hideshow minor mode		Displaying blocks selectively.
31.8 Completion for Symbol Names		Completion on symbol names of your program or language.
31.9 Glasses minor mode		Making identifiersLikeThis more readable.
31.10 Other Features Useful for Editing Programs		Other Emacs features useful for editing programs.
31.11 C and Related Modes		Special commands of C, C++, Objective-C, Java, and Pike modes.
31.12 Asm Mode		Asm mode and its special features.
31.13 Fortran Mode		Fortran mode and its special features.

Top-Level Definitions, or Defuns

31.2.1 Left Margin Convention		An open-paren or similar opening delimiter starts a defun if it is at the left margin.
31.2.2 Moving by Defuns		Commands to move over or mark a major definition.
31.2.3 Imenu		Making buffer indexes as menus.
31.2.4 Which Function Mode		Which Function mode shows which function you are in.

Indentation for Programs

31.3.1 Basic Program Indentation Commands		Indenting a single line.
31.3.2 Indenting Several Lines		Commands to reindent many lines at once.
31.3.3 Customizing Lisp Indentation		Specifying how each Lisp function should be indented.
31.3.4 Commands for C Indentation		Extra features for indenting C and related modes.
31.3.5 Customizing C Indentation		Controlling indentation style for C and related modes.

Commands for Editing with Parentheses

31.4.1 Expressions with Balanced Parentheses		Expressions with balanced parentheses.
31.4.2 Moving in the Parenthesis Structure		Commands for moving up, down and across in the structure of parentheses.
31.4.3 Automatic Display Of Matching Parentheses		Insertion of a close-delimiter flashes matching open.

Manipulating Comments

31.5.1 Comment Commands		Inserting, killing, and aligning comments.
31.5.2 Multiple Lines of Comments		Commands for adding and editing multi-line comments.
31.5.3 Options Controlling Comments		Customizing the comment features.

Documentation Lookup

31.6.1 Info Documentation Lookup		Looking up library functions and commands in Info files.
31.6.2 Man Page Lookup		Looking up man pages of library functions and commands.
31.6.3 Emacs Lisp Documentation Lookup		Looking up Emacs Lisp functions, etc.

C and Related Modes

31.11.1 C Mode Motion Commands		Commands to move by C statements, etc.
31.11.2 Electric C Characters		Colon and other chars can automatically reindent.
31.11.3 Hungry Delete Feature in C		A more powerful DEL command.
31.11.4 Other Commands for C Mode		Filling comments, viewing expansion of macros, and other neat features.

Compiling and Testing Programs

32.1 Running Compilations under Emacs		Compiling programs in languages other than Lisp (C, Pascal, etc.).
32.2 Compilation Mode		The mode for visiting compiler errors.
32.3 Subshells for Compilation		Customizing your shell properly for use in the compilation buffer.
32.4 Searching with Grep under Emacs		Searching with grep.
32.5 Finding Syntax Errors On The Fly		Finding syntax errors on the fly.
32.6 Running Debuggers Under Emacs		Running symbolic debuggers for non-Lisp programs.
32.7 Executing Lisp Expressions		Various modes for editing Lisp programs, with different facilities for running the Lisp programs.
32.8 Libraries of Lisp Code for Emacs		Creating Lisp programs to run in Emacs.
32.9 Evaluating Emacs Lisp Expressions		Executing a single Lisp expression in Emacs.
32.10 Lisp Interaction Buffers		Executing Lisp in an Emacs buffer.
32.11 Running an External Lisp		Communicating through Emacs with a separate Lisp.

Running Debuggers Under Emacs

32.6.1 Starting GUD		How to start a debugger subprocess.
32.6.2 Debugger Operation		Connection between the debugger and source buffers.
32.6.3 Commands of GUD		Key bindings for common commands.
32.6.4 GUD Customization		Defining your own commands for GUD.
32.6.5 GDB Graphical Interface		An enhanced mode that uses GDB features to implement a graphical debugging environment through Emacs.

Maintaining Large Programs

33.1 Change Logs		Maintaining a change history for your program.
33.2 Format of ChangeLog		What the change log file looks like.
33.3 Tags Tables		Go direct to any function in your program in one command. Tags remembers which file it is in.
33.4 Merging Files with Emerge		A convenient way of merging two versions of a program.

Tags Tables

33.3.1 Source File Tag Syntax		Tag syntax for various types of code and text files.
33.3.2 Creating Tags Tables		Creating a tags table with etags.
33.3.3 Etags Regexps		Create arbitrary tags using regular expressions.
33.3.4 Selecting a Tags Table		How to visit a tags table.
33.3.5 Finding a Tag		Commands to find the definition of a specific tag.
33.3.6 Searching and Replacing with Tags Tables		Using a tags table for searching and replacing.
33.3.7 Tags Table Inquiries		Listing and finding tags defined in a file.

Abbrevs

34.1 Abbrev Concepts		Fundamentals of defined abbrevs.
34.2 Defining Abbrevs		Defining an abbrev, so it will expand when typed.
34.3 Controlling Abbrev Expansion		Controlling expansion: prefixes, canceling expansion.
34.4 Examining and Editing Abbrevs		Viewing or editing the entire list of defined abbrevs.
34.5 Saving Abbrevs		Saving the entire list of abbrevs for another session.
34.6 Dynamic Abbrev Expansion		Abbreviations for words already in the buffer.
34.7 Customizing Dynamic Abbreviation		What is a word, for dynamic abbrevs. Case handling.

Editing Pictures

35.1 Basic Editing in Picture Mode		Basic concepts and simple commands of Picture Mode.
35.2 Controlling Motion after Insert		Controlling direction of cursor motion after "self-inserting" characters.
35.3 Picture Mode Tabs		Various features for tab stops and indentation.
35.4 Picture Mode Rectangle Commands		Clearing and superimposing rectangles.

Sending Mail

36.1 The Format of the Mail Buffer		Format of the mail being composed.
36.2 Mail Header Fields		Details of permitted mail header fields.
36.3 Mail Aliases		Abbreviating and grouping mail addresses.
36.4 Mail Mode		Special commands for editing mail being composed.
36.5 Mail Amusements		Distract the NSA's attention; add a fortune to a msg.
36.6 Mail-Composition Methods		Using alternative mail-composition methods.

Reading Mail with Rmail

37.1 Basic Concepts of Rmail		Basic concepts of Rmail, and simple use.
37.2 Scrolling Within a Message		Scrolling through a message.
37.3 Moving Among Messages		Moving to another message.
37.4 Deleting Messages		Deleting and expunging messages.
37.5 Rmail Files and Inboxes		How mail gets into the Rmail file.
37.6 Multiple Rmail Files		Using multiple Rmail files.
37.7 Copying Messages Out to Files		Copying message out to files.
37.8 Labels		Classifying messages by labeling them.
37.9 Rmail Attributes		Certain standard labels, called attributes.
37.10 Sending Replies		Sending replies to messages you are viewing.
37.11 Summaries		Summaries show brief info on many messages.
37.12 Sorting the Rmail File		Sorting messages in Rmail.
37.13 Display of Messages		How Rmail displays a message; customization.
37.14 Rmail and Coding Systems		How Rmail handles decoding character sets.
37.15 Editing Within a Message		Editing message text and headers in Rmail.
37.16 Digest Messages		Extracting the messages from a digest message.
37.17 Converting an Rmail File to Inbox Format		Converting an Rmail file to mailbox format.
37.18 Reading Rot13 Messages		Reading messages encoded in the rot13 code.
37.19 movemail program		More details of fetching new mail.
37.20 Retrieving Mail from Remote Mailboxes
37.21 Retrieving Mail from Local Mailboxes in Various Formats

Dired, the Directory Editor

38.1 Entering Dired		How to invoke Dired.
38.2 Navigation in the Dired Buffer		How to move in the Dired buffer.
38.3 Deleting Files with Dired		Deleting files with Dired.
38.4 Flagging Many Files at Once		Flagging files based on their names.
38.5 Visiting Files in Dired		Other file operations through Dired.
38.6 Dired Marks vs. Flags		Flagging for deletion vs marking.
38.7 Operating on Files		How to copy, rename, print, compress, etc. either one file or several files.
38.8 Shell Commands in Dired		Running a shell command on the marked files.
38.9 Transforming File Names in Dired		Using patterns to rename multiple files.
38.10 File Comparison with Dired		Running `diff' by way of Dired.
38.11 Subdirectories in Dired		Adding subdirectories to the Dired buffer.
38.12 Subdirectory Switches in Dired		Subdirectory switches in Dired.
38.13 Moving Over Subdirectories		Moving across subdirectories, and up and down.
38.14 Hiding Subdirectories		Making subdirectories visible or invisible.
38.15 Updating the Dired Buffer		Discarding lines for files of no interest.
38.16 Dired and find		Using `find' to choose the files for Dired.
38.17 Editing the Dired Buffer		Operating on files by editing the Dired buffer.
38.18 Viewing Image Thumbnails in Dired		Viewing image thumbnails in Dired
38.19 Other Dired Features		Various other features.

The Calendar and the Diary

39.1 Movement in the Calendar		Moving through the calendar; selecting a date.
39.2 Scrolling in the Calendar		Bringing earlier or later months onto the screen.
39.3 Counting Days		How many days are there between two dates?
39.4 Miscellaneous Calendar Commands		Exiting or recomputing the calendar.
39.5 Writing Calendar Files		Writing calendars to files of various formats.
39.6 Holidays		Displaying dates of holidays.
39.7 Times of Sunrise and Sunset		Displaying local times of sunrise and sunset.
39.8 Phases of the Moon		Displaying phases of the moon.
39.9 Conversion To and From Other Calendars		Converting dates to other calendar systems.
39.10 The Diary		Displaying events from your diary.
39.11 Appointments		Reminders when it's time to do something.
39.12 Importing and Exporting Diary Entries		Converting diary events to/from other formats.
39.13 Daylight Saving Time		How to specify when daylight saving time is active.
39.14 Summing Time Intervals		Keeping track of time intervals.
39.15 Customizing the Calendar and Diary		Advanced Calendar/Diary customization.

Movement in the Calendar

39.1.1 Motion by Standard Lengths of Time		Moving by days, weeks, months, and years.
39.1.2 Beginning or End of Week, Month or Year		Moving to start/end of weeks, months, and years.
39.1.3 Specified Dates		Moving to the current date or another specific date.

Conversion To and From Other Calendars

39.9.1 Supported Calendar Systems

The calendars Emacs understands

     (aside from Gregorian).

39.9.2 Converting To Other Calendars		Converting the selected date to various calendars.
39.9.3 Converting From Other Calendars		Moving to a date specified in another calendar.
39.9.4 Converting from the Mayan Calendar		Moving to a date specified in a Mayan calendar.

The Diary

39.10.1 Displaying the Diary		Viewing diary entries and associated calendar dates.
39.10.2 The Diary File		Entering events in your diary.
39.10.3 Date Formats		Various ways you can specify dates.
39.10.4 Commands to Add to the Diary		Commands to create diary entries.
39.10.5 Special Diary Entries		Anniversaries, blocks of dates, cyclic entries, etc.

Gnus

40.1 Gnus Buffers		The group, summary, and article buffers.
40.2 When Gnus Starts Up		What you should know about starting Gnus.
40.3 Summary of Gnus Commands		A short description of the basic Gnus commands.

Running Shell Commands from Emacs

41.1 Single Shell Commands		How to run one shell command and return.
41.2 Interactive Inferior Shell		Permanent shell taking input via Emacs.
41.3 Shell Mode		Special Emacs commands used with permanent shell.
41.4 Shell Prompts		Two ways to recognize shell prompts.
41.5 Shell Command History		Repeating previous commands in a shell buffer.
41.6 Directory Tracking		Keeping track when the subshell changes directory.
41.7 Shell Mode Options		Options for customizing Shell mode.
41.8 Emacs Terminal Emulator		An Emacs window as a terminal emulator.
41.9 Term Mode		Special Emacs commands used in Term mode.
41.10 Page-At-A-Time Output		Paging in the terminal emulator.
41.11 Remote Host Shell		Connecting to another computer.

Using Emacs as a Server

42.1 Invoking emacsclient

Emacs client startup options.

Printing Hard Copies

44. PostScript Hardcopy		Printing buffers or regions as PostScript.
45. Variables for PostScript Hardcopy		Customizing the PostScript printing commands.
46. Printing Package		An optional advanced printing interface.

Hyperlinking and Navigation Features

54.1 Following URLs
54.2 Activating URLs
54.3 Finding Files and URLs at Point		Finding files etc. at point.

Customization

57.1 Minor Modes		Each minor mode is one feature you can turn on independently of any others.
57.2 Easy Customization Interface		Convenient way to browse and change user options.
57.3 Variables		Many Emacs commands examine Emacs variables to decide what to do; by setting variables, you can control their functioning.
57.4 Customizing Key Bindings		The keymaps say what command each key runs. By changing them, you can "redefine keys".
57.5 The Syntax Table		The syntax table controls how words and expressions are parsed.
57.6 The Init File, `~/.emacs'		How to write common customizations in the

  `.emacs' file.

Variables

57.3.1 Examining and Setting Variables		Examining or setting one variable's value.
57.3.2 Hooks		Hook variables let you specify programs for parts of Emacs to run on particular occasions.
57.3.3 Local Variables		Per-buffer values of variables.
57.3.4 Local Variables in Files		How files can specify variable values.

Customizing Key Bindings

57.4.1 Keymaps		Generalities. The global keymap.
57.4.2 Prefix Keymaps		Keymaps for prefix keys.
57.4.3 Local Keymaps		Major and minor modes have their own keymaps.
57.4.4 Minibuffer Keymaps		The minibuffer uses its own local keymaps.
57.4.5 Changing Key Bindings Interactively		How to redefine one key's meaning conveniently.
57.4.6 Rebinding Keys in Your Init File		Rebinding keys with your init file, `.emacs'.
57.4.7 Rebinding Function Keys		Rebinding terminal function keys.
57.4.8 Named ASCII Control Characters		Distinguishing TAB from C-i, and so on.
57.4.9 Rebinding Mouse Buttons		Rebinding mouse buttons in Emacs.
57.4.10 Disabling Commands		Disabling a command means confirmation is required before it can be executed. This is done to protect beginners from surprises.

The Init File, `~/.emacs'

57.6.1 Init File Syntax		Syntax of constants in Emacs Lisp.
57.6.2 Init File Examples		How to do some things with an init file.
57.6.3 Terminal-specific Initialization		Each terminal type can have an init file.
57.6.4 How Emacs Finds Your Init File		How Emacs finds the init file.
57.6.5 Non-ASCII Characters in Init Files		Using non-ASCII characters in an init file.

Dealing with Emacs Trouble

59.1 If DEL Fails to Delete		What to do if DEL doesn't delete.
59.2 Recursive Editing Levels		`[...]' in mode line around the parentheses.
59.3 Garbage on the Screen		Garbage on the screen.
59.4 Garbage in the Text		Garbage in the text.
59.5 Running out of Memory		How to cope when you run out of memory.
59.6 Recovery After a Crash		Recovering editing in an Emacs session that crashed.
59.7 Emergency Escape		Emergency escape--- What to do if Emacs stops responding.
59.8 Help for Total Frustration		When you are at your wits' end.

Reporting Bugs

60.1 When Is There a Bug		Have you really found a bug?
60.2 Understanding Bug Reporting		How to report a bug effectively.
60.3 Checklist for Bug Reports		Steps to follow for a good bug report.
60.4 Sending Patches for GNU Emacs		How to send a patch for GNU Emacs.

Command Line Arguments for Emacs Invocation

C.1 Action Arguments		Arguments to visit files, load libraries, and call functions.
C.2 Initial Options		Arguments that take effect while starting Emacs.
C.3 Command Argument Example		Examples of using command line arguments.
C.4 Resuming Emacs with Arguments		Specifying arguments when you resume a running Emacs.
C.5 Environment Variables		Environment variables that Emacs uses.
C.6 Specifying the Display Name		Changing the default display and using remote login.
C.7 Font Specification Options		Choosing a font for text, under X.
C.8 Window Color Options		Choosing display colors.
C.9 Options for Window Size and Position		Start-up window size, under X.
C.10 Internal and External Borders		Internal and external borders, under X.
C.11 Frame Titles		Specifying the initial frame's title.
C.12 Icons		Choosing what sort of icon to use, under X.
C.13 Other Display Options		Other display options.

Environment Variables

C.5.1 General Variables		Environment variables that all versions of Emacs use.
C.5.2 Miscellaneous Variables		Certain system specific variables.
C.5.3 The MS-Windows System Registry		An alternative to the environment on MS-Windows.

X Options and Resources

D.1 X Resources		Using X resources with Emacs (in general).
D.2 Table of X Resources for Emacs		Table of specific X resources that affect Emacs.
D.3 X Resources for Faces		X resources for customizing faces.
D.4 Lucid Menu X Resources		X resources for Lucid menus.
D.5 LessTif Menu X Resources		X resources for LessTif and Motif menus.
D.6 GTK resources		Resources for GTK widgets.

Emacs and Mac OS

F.1 Keyboard and Mouse Input on Mac		Keyboard and mouse input on Mac.
F.2 International Character Set Support on Mac		International character sets on Mac.
F.3 Environment Variables and Command Line Arguments.		Setting environment variables for Emacs.
F.4 Volumes and Directories on Mac		Volumes and directories on Mac.
F.5 Specifying Fonts on Mac		Specifying fonts on Mac.
F.6 Mac-Specific Lisp Functions		Mac-specific Lisp functions.

Emacs and Microsoft Windows/MS-DOS

G.1 Text Files and Binary Files		Text files use CRLF to terminate lines.
G.2 File Names on MS-Windows		File-name conventions on Windows.
G.3 Emulation of ls on MS-Windows		Emulation of ls for Dired.
G.4 HOME Directory on MS-Windows		Where Emacs looks for your `.emacs'.
G.5 Keyboard Usage on MS-Windows		Windows-specific keyboard features.
G.6 Mouse Usage on MS-Windows		Windows-specific mouse features.
G.7 Subprocesses on Windows 9X/ME and Windows NT/2K/XP		Running subprocesses on Windows.
G.8 Printing and MS-Windows		How to specify the printer on MS-Windows.
G.9 Miscellaneous Windows-specific features		Miscellaneous Windows features.
G.10 Emacs and MS-DOS		Using Emacs on MS-DOS (otherwise known as MS-DOG).

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